Common Hand Injuries and How to Avoid Them
We use our hands all the time. That’s why hand injuries happen so often. While not always avoidable, understanding the types and causes of common hand injuries may help you avoid them in the future.
Types of Common Hand Injuries
Severed fingertips
The most common hand injuries we see are of the fingertips. They are severed by table saws and circular saws, caught in doors and treadmills, squashed at work, mangled in lawn mowers and snow blowers, stepped on during sports, infected when hangnails are nibbled, and when they are scraped on garage floors or pierced by dirty fishhooks.
Most of these injuries can be managed in the Emergency Department. Occasionally, admission to the hospital is needed for intravenous antibiotics or care in the operating room. But recovery can take several months, depending on the injury. Time away from work may be needed. Revision operations may also be necessary at a later date.
Finger and hand fractures
Finger and hand fractures are the next most common injury. Ten percent of patients who come to the emergency department have a hand fracture. They can be caused by falls or fights or may be associated with other large traumas.
The “boxer’s fracture” of the small finger is incredibly common and occurs when someone hits a wall or other immovable surface, such as a door or furniture. About ten percent of men between the ages of 16 and 29 years will get a boxer’s fracture; and it has been estimated that up to 70 percent of them will have another trauma-related injury in the future.
The majority of these can be managed by numbing the area and performing a simple procedure, or by splinting the hand for four to six weeks. Rarely does this type of break require surgery.
Wrist fractures
Fractures of the wrist and the forearm bone (distal radius) where it connects to the wrist are generally caused by a fall onto an outstretched hand. Hands are not well-padded and don’t do well when your entire body weight lands on them.
Distal radius fractures are breaks of the far end of the arm bone near the wrist. They are commonly seen in women who fall onto their hand. Women’s bones get weaker around the time of menopause, and this puts them at greater risk for distal radius fractures. Such fractures may be repositioned in the emergency department, but surgery may be needed if the bone is badly displaced, cannot be returned to a good position, or is broken in several locations and is unlikely to stay in a good position. Healing after a distal wrist fracture may require several months.
Some broken bones in the wrist, such as the scaphoid bone, may not initially be seen on an X-ray. But if there is pain at the base of the thumb that doesn’t improve within a week or two, a second X-ray should be ordered to check for a fracture.
A cast may be appropriate for most, but some fractures may need surgery to allow for the best healing. Scaphoid fractures can take up to four months to heal, and a computed tomography (CT) scan may be needed to confirm healing. If not, other treatments may be considered.
More serious wrist injuries can occur when you fall onto the wrist from a height or during a motor vehicle collision and may result in broken or dislocated wrist bones. These are serious injuries which may need several operations and could cause lifelong stiffness and weakness.
Tendon injuries
Tendons are structures that connect your muscles to bone. Flexor tendons connect the muscles in your forearms to the bones in your fingers. Injuries to flexor tendons in the fingers are also common. These often occur when an individual is:
- using a knife incorrectly (say, trying to cut a bagel or piece of fruit while holding it in the palm)
- not focusing on a task and getting cut by a sharp piece of metal or a broken piece of glass
- defending themselves during a fight
These injuries may also involve nerves and blood vessels. Flexor tendon cuts are diagnosed by looking at the hand and seeing if the fingers are in their normal position while resting and by asking the patient to gently move the injured part.
Flexor tendon injuries are very serious. For a reasonable outcome, they should be diagnosed and repaired within 10 to 14 days. If there are several injured fingers or if the blood vessels are also cut, surgery may be more urgently needed.
Recovery from a flexor tendon injury can take from eight to 12 weeks and requires the assistance of a skilled hand therapist. If a nerve in the finger has also been cut, feeling may never be normal.
How to prevent common hand injuries
Preventing injuries is the goal. Here are some tips to prevent some of the most common hand injuries:
- When sawing, use a guard on the saw or a Saw Stop.
- When using sharp tools, avoid distractions and never look away from your hands.
- Do not drink or use medications that make you sleepy while woodworking, doing home maintenance, playing sports, or driving.
- Stop doing work with sharp instruments or tools when you are sleepy.
- If you have a dog, be sure they are trained well so they don’t pull you and cause a fall.
- Be careful and focus while walking on uneven, icy, or wet surfaces.
- If you are falling, do not try to break your fall with your hand(s).
- When angry, pause and walk away rather than hitting anything or anyone.
- Never unclog a lawn mower or snow blower with your hand, even if the machine has been turned off.
- When cooking and baking, cut away from yourself.
- If you cut or scrape yourself and it isn’t severe enough to go to the urgent care or emergency department, wash your hands vigorously with soap and water and apply antibiotic ointment and a bandage.
- Keep your tetanus immunization up to date.
Remember, if you have had an injury to your hand or arm and it doesn’t appear to be improving after one or two weeks, consider seeing a hand surgeon for an exam to make sure that a more serious injury isn’t present.
Be sure to call your doctor if you experience any of the following after an injury:
- numbness
- swelling
- color changes
- pain
- drainage
- unusual position
- continued inability to move
- difficulty or pain with motion
For more information on hand, wrist and elbow surgery with our experts, please visit the Lifespan Plastic Surgery webpage.
About the Author:
Lifespan Physician Group Plastic Surgery
The Lifespan Physician Group Plastic Surgery team are experts in their specialty areas and provide a large variety of surgical options for patients.
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